"What are the impacts of video games and how do they affect Essay

"What are the impacts of video games and how do they affect contemporary society" - Essay Example The history of video gaming can be traced back to 1940 when Edward U. Condon designed a computer that played a traditional game known as Nim in which players try to avoid picking up the last matchstick (Kent 2001). Many people play the game, but the computer wins most of the time. In 1947, Thomas T. Goldsmith and Estle Ray Mann made a cathode ray amusement tube hooked to an oscilloscope. It challenged players to fir a gun at a certain target. In 1950, Claude Shannon together with other Englishmen created chess programs. The breakthrough came in 1952 when A. S. Douglass created OXO. This game was known as Noughta and Crosses in the UK and tic-to in the USA. Douglass created the game as part of research on human-computer interactions for his doctoral dissertation. In 1958, Engineer William A. Higginbotham who had previously helped build the first atomic bomb invented an interactive computer game, Tennis for two to entertain visitors at the Brookhaven National Laboratory. This led to the anticipation of later video games such as Pong. In 1959, students at MIT created mouse in the maze. In this game, users drew a maze with a light pen and then a mouse navigates the labyrinth in search of cheese (Kent, 2001). In 1962, Steven Russell in MIT created Space war. This was the first computer based video game. In this, game two spaceships battled to the death in space. This game spread quickly to other universities and research centers. In 1963, the US department of defense completed a game showing their victory in the battle field (Bower 2014).This was followed by a creed by Dartmouth â€Å"everyone is a programmer† by creating a computer time-share system and basic programming language. The program made it easy for students to experiment and create their games. As a result, many other video games were developed. In 1965, a Dartmouth student created the first computer football game. In 1966, Ralph conceived the idea of playing a

Management and Organisational Behaviour Assignment

Management and Organisational Behaviour - Assignment Example A myriad of factors which contribute to chaos in an organisational setup and tarnish OB will also be identified. High absenteeism rate and rotten work attitudes are among the basic factors for polluting an organisation’s environment and stem from negative OB. On the other hand, involvement of staff in the change process amidst other steps can foster a culture that has a high rate of workers’ satisfaction and will to achieve big feats. For this purpose, this report will stress a deep understanding of OB in relevance to job satisfaction, motivation and work attitudes by taking example of Apple Inc.2.0 How Influential Are Motivation and Job Satisfaction in Directing OB?It is an undeniable reality that a motivated and satisfied workforce is a critical asset for any organisation (Chen 2010, p. 66). Such a workforce helps in sustaining the richness of OB yielding multiple benefits for a business. Numerous grave repercussions in reference to OB start dominating the scene when nonchalant managers do not make wise investments in inculcating a sense of organisational commitment in the employees (Perry 2010). In contrast, motivated employees are more satisfied with their jobs, are happier personally, and show a staggering tendency to improve their organisation’s productivity. It is because of the highly deterministic role played by job satisfaction and motivation that leaders and managers should invest more time in implementing various valuable theories of OB to steer the workforce in the right direction. The type of attitudes employees have towards work and how content they are speaks a lot about how likely are any infringements on OB. 3.0 How Successful Is Apple Inc. in Terms of Workers’ Attitudes and Job Satisfaction? Apple Inc. is a well-reputed and widely popular example of OB management done right because this large business organisation has made significant contributions to making employees feel included and valued at the workplace. Foun ded in 1976 by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, this company originally only specialised in personal computers (Harrigan 2003, p. 258) but due to constant hard work and never undermining emotional and psychological needs of its employees, it soon became a symbol of sophistication and one of the most influential names on the face of Earth. A good