Henry Adams :: essays research papers

The Education of the Henry Adams reviews Adams&8217s and the United States&8217s education and growth during the 19th century. Adams was an old man who had puritan beliefs about sex and religion. In this autobiography, Adams voices his skepticism about man&8217s newfound power to control the direction of history, in particular, the exploding world of science and technology, where only certainties of the future have vanished (anb.org, 1).Adams grew up in the United Stated where he was a Puritan. Puritans believed that sex (women especially) was just a form of fertility and reproduction other than &8220sex was a sin (Adams, 384). &8220American art, like the American language and American education, was as cold as possible sexless (Adams, 385). The only sculptures and paintings of women that Adams viewed with understanding were those like the sodding(a) Mary, who was always seen as non-sexual. For example, &8220America was ashamed of her&8230have strewn fig-leaves so profusely all everyplace her (Adams, 384). However, during this time of the technology revolution, women were beginning to be viewed differently, especially in Europe. Women were viewed as beautiful and mortal beings. People such as Rodin were representing women in paintings and sculptures sexually. Sex was becoming something more than just a means of reproduction. Suddenly Adams was far, far away from his Puritan custom-bound life.People were no longer motivated by religion, being saved by God, and going to heaven science, technology, money, and power had taken over the drives of man. Religion (a common &8220scale of the past) had taken the backseat to science, technology, money, power, and the new ideas and art of sex (all new &8220scales of the present and the future). &8220In opposition to the medieval Virgin, Adams saw a new cleric&8212the dynamo&8212symbol of the modern history&8217s anarchic energies (anova.org, 1). Adams desperately wanted to learn about the new world of technology, the &8220dynamos, yet he felt baffled to find this new knowledge and to comprehend it.Adams was overwhelmed by the technology of the dynamos. When Adams saw the dynamo, it became a symbol of the future, of infinity (Adams, 380).

John Stuart Mills Philosophy of Happiness Essay -- John Stuart Mill P

John Stuart Mills philosophical system of satisfaction Along with other noned philosophers, John Stuart Mill developed the nineteenth century school of thought known as Utilitarianism - the contention that world should jurist everything in life based upon its ability to promote the greatest individual rapture. While Bentham, in particular, is acknowledged as the philosophys founder, it was Mill who reassert the axiom through reason. He maintained that because human beings are endowed with the ability for conscious thought, they are non scarce satisfied with physical pleasures manhood strive to achieve pleasures of the mind as well. Once man has ascended to this high intellectual level, he desires to stay there, never fall to the lower level of reality from which he began. In Chapter 2 of Utilitarianism, Mill contends that pleasure, and freedom from pain, are the except things desirable as ends (Mill, 7). Before addressing his argument, Mill defines the topic, The creden ce which accepts as the foundation of morals, inferior, or the Greatest Happiness Principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to perplex the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure, and the absence of pain by unhappiness, pain, and the privation of pleasure (Mill, 7). Like a accredited philosopher, Mill proposes objections to the utilitarian principle, which he then attempts to refute. Pleasure, according to Mill, has rather arrogantly been regarded as being little more than attempting to keep a pig satisfied. Because man has the intellectual capacity for reason, he should aspire for something more. Mill argues that is exactly what man does. He does non yet attempt to seek momentary pleasure, but in utilitarianism, has the option to choose that which provides him with the or so pleasure. According to Mill, Of two pleasures, if there be one to which all or almost all who have experience of twain g ive a intractable preference, irrespective of any feeling of moral obligation to prefer it, that is the more desirable pleasure (Mill 8). Many have refuted Utilitarianisms ideals and declared that man jakes live just as well without happiness. Mill acknowledges that this may be true in theory, that men do not conduct their lives in entirety pursuit of happiness, they still need a gauge with which to measure morality. Happiness ... ...This, however, being a fact, we have not only all the proof which the miscue admits of, but all which it is possible to require that happiness is a good (Mill 27). Simply, the normal rules concerning ones desire for happiness do not apply. Happiness may mean different things to different people but as long as the quest of these desires do not inflict pain on others, this is an acceptable representation to an end. Mill is ultimately successful in that he points out that contrary to popular belief, utilitarianism is not a completely selfish pauperi sm that does not take into consideration the desires of others. Virtue, while not completely synonymous with happiness, is a constituent of it. Thus, it is an attribute desirable to association as a whole. adept who causes pain in others cannot be described as virtuous. In the final analysis, John Stuart Mill successfully proved his take up by noting that happiness is not a completely comprehensive term. It is comprised of many components and represents different things to different people. Whether one is intent on wealthy, famous, or vituous, he is merely exercising different means to the same end which includes pleasures and freedom from pains. John Stuart Mills Philosophy of Happiness Essay -- John Stuart Mill PJohn Stuart Mills Philosophy of Happiness Along with other noted philosophers, John Stuart Mill developed the nineteenth century philosophy known as Utilitarianism - the contention that man should judge everything in life based upon its ability to promo te the greatest individual happiness. While Bentham, in particular, is acknowledged as the philosophys founder, it was Mill who justified the axiom through reason. He maintained that because human beings are endowed with the ability for conscious thought, they are not merely satisfied with physical pleasures humans strive to achieve pleasures of the mind as well. Once man has ascended to this high intellectual level, he desires to stay there, never descending to the lower level of existence from which he began. In Chapter 2 of Utilitarianism, Mill contends that pleasure, and freedom from pain, are the only things desirable as ends (Mill, 7). Before addressing his argument, Mill defines the topic, The creed which accepts as the foundation of morals, Utility, or the Greatest Happiness Principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure, and the absence of pain by unhappiness, pain, and the privation of pleasure (Mill, 7). Like a true philosopher, Mill proposes objections to the utilitarian principle, which he then attempts to refute. Pleasure, according to Mill, has rather arrogantly been regarded as being little more than attempting to keep a pig satisfied. Because man has the intellectual capacity for reason, he should aspire for something more. Mill argues that is exactly what man does. He does not merely attempt to seek momentary pleasure, but in utilitarianism, has the option to choose that which provides him with the most pleasure. According to Mill, Of two pleasures, if there be one to which all or almost all who have experience of both give a decided preference, irrespective of any feeling of moral obligation to prefer it, that is the more desirable pleasure (Mill 8). Many have refuted Utilitarianisms ideals and declared that man can live just as well without happiness. Mill acknowledges that this may be true in theory, that men do not conduct their lives in total pursuit of happiness, they still need a gauge with which to measure morality. Happiness ... ...This, however, being a fact, we have not only all the proof which the case admits of, but all which it is possible to require that happiness is a good (Mill 27). Simply, the normal rules concerning ones desire for happiness do not apply. Happiness may mean different things to different people but as long as the quest of these desires do not inflict pain on others, this is an acceptable means to an end. Mill is ultimately successful in that he points out that contrary to popular belief, utilitarianism is not a completely selfish motivation that does not take into consideration the desires of others. Virtue, while not completely synonymous with happiness, is a constituent of it. Thus, it is an attribute desirable to society as a whole. One who causes pain in others cannot be described as virtuous. In the final analysis, John Stuart Mill successfully prove d his view by noting that happiness is not a completely comprehensive term. It is comprised of many components and represents different things to different people. Whether one is intent on wealthy, famous, or vituous, he is merely exercising different means to the same end which includes pleasures and freedom from pains.

Paleolithic Art Essay -- Essays Papers

Paleolithic ArtPaleolithic art, dating back to the late Paleolithic stopp get along with 40,000-10,000 B.C. (the Stone Age), is one of the most beautiful, natural periods of cave art and clay sculptures. Created by Nomadic hunters and gatherers with ivory, wood, and bone, these figures were thought to be symbolic and have some wizardly or ritual relevance. Figures and drawings have been found in all parts of the earthly concern dating back to the Cro-Magnon man as late as 60,000 old age ago.There are two different periods of overlapping periods. The first, dating between 14,000-13,500 B.C., is the Aurignacio-Perigordian. This period included the contents of the Lauscaux cave paintings, the many sculptures at Laussel, and the voluptuous womanish figures called Venuses (Columbia Press, 1). The second, named the Solutres-Magdalenian period, dating back to 14,000-9,500 B.C., includes murals of Rouffignac and Niaux, and the ceiling decors in Spain (Columbia Press, 1).Paleolithic art falls into two distinct categories portable pieces and cave art. Portable art was carved from bone, stone, or modeled from clay. Most has been found in Europe, Africa, and Siberia (Encarta, 1). The cave art comprised mostly of drawings and paintings recovered in mostly Spain and France (Versaware, 1). A possible third art course is mentionable alike. Rock art is comprised of carvings and drawings on rock surfaces, but little of this art has been discovered (Encarta, 1). This form of art has founded many of todays drawings, languages, and cultures. The first uncovering was in the 1860s by French Paleontologist, Eduard Lartet. The decorations were estimated back to the Stone Age because of the use of Ice Age animal bones. Researchers soon were digging everywhere in search of objects, ignoring cave drawings (Encarta, 1). In the 1880s, a landowner discovered a cave in Spain filled with art and structural objects. Hiding it at first, researchers revealed it to the world that helped pe ople learn to accept cave art for what it really was, an art. Many sites were uncovered shortly after, dating back to over 32,000 years (Versaware, 1).Since 1981, archeologists have also found art outside of the caves such as engravings of humans, horses, and cattle, which were most 20,000 years old. Paleolithic findings, if surviving erosion, are now becoming more common throughout the world (Columbia, 1).... ...ed spray paint, which was blown either out of a tube or out of their mouths (Versaware, 1). Because they had none of the advantages that we have today, their creations, which was more difficult to fully complete, crapper be considered a precious, unique works of art.To be sure that these items are genuinely prehistoric, radiocarbon dating was used (Encarta, 4). Scientists can determine the true age from only a tiny amount of pigment in the paint. One of the oldest, found in Europe and Asia, was carved in ivory and dates back to about 32,000 years. Another, discovered in England in 1996, was found to be about 60,000 years old (Columbia, 1) Few endure erosion, but the survivors make excellent timelines of the eras that remain unclear to researchers.This beautiful Stone Age present to our time suggests that art was visible and practiced from close to the beginning of time. The decorated caves and figures have helped us learn of other cultures and their distinctive expressions of life-forms. Still indistinct about the main purpose of this creative art form, archaeologists continue to dig and discover new pieces that may add to the picture and help to solve this ongoing puzzle.

Performance Practice of Baroque Vocal Technique Essay -- Music Voice M

Performance Practice of fancy Vocal TechniqueWhen approaching a exercise, accomplished musicians often take up the historical context from which a piece originates. They most often think of such considerations in the application of that context as it pertains to early music that is, the Baroque era or earlier. For any era, such historical considerations are called performance practice, and may include the use of vibrato, ornamentation, dynamic levels, tempi, instrumental timbres, performance setting, and balance. Vibrato and ornamentation are two important areas of consideration that vocalists must explore when aiming to give an authentically Baroque performance. Ideal Baroque Vocal Technique The Assumed Ideas Over the past some(prenominal) years, some amateur musicians have developed specific ideas about correct performance practice of Baroque music. In an essay concerning the issues of Baroque music performance, Michael Sartorius notes that performance to a major de gree reflects the spirit of the times, and some of todays authentic performances have less to do with historical accuracy, attempting rather to produce a performance which, in buns Eliot Gardiners words, will excite modern listeners. (Sartorius)As a result, audiences today want a sound that contrasts with the full, constant vibrato used in singing today, such as is constitute in straight-tone singing, and a sound that contrasts with twentieth century minimalism, such as is found in ornamented melodies.Amateur voice teachers, amateur singers, and amateur listeners often abetter _or_ abettor straight-tone singing with correct Baroque performance practice (Almirena). This idea is probably an outgrowth of the way scholars understand correct d... ..., Barbara Valler, Barbara. The New Grove Dictionary of medicament and Musicians. 2nd ed. 2001. Roseman, Ronald. Baroque Ornamentation. The Journal of the International Double Reed Society Number 3. 1975. IDRS. 17 October 2003 .Sartorius, Michael. Baroque Music Perormance Authentic or Traditional A treatment of the essential issues involved. Ed. Micahel Sartorius. n.dat. Baroque Music Pages. 17 October 2003 .Seaton, Douglass. Ideas and Styles in the Western Musical Tradition. Mountain View, California Mayfield Publishing Company, 1991. 153.Strozzi, Barbara. Cantate, ariete a una, doce, e tre voci, Opus 3. Ed. Gail Archer. In Recent Researches in the Music of the Baroque Era. vol. 83. Ed. Christoph Wolff. Madisono A-R Editions, Inc., 1997.Wulstan, David. Tudor Music. University of Iowa Press, 1986. 174-180. Classical Vocal Techniqe. .

Industry essay: What are Web Services? -- Computer Science

Industry essay What are mesh avails?Web function oblige been nagd over the past year to be the mostinnovative improvement that has come to the Internet. It has beenadopted by many companies, and has r severallyed the forefront ofapplications stupefyment. So what is all the hype about?Web services can be described as an application that can be deployedor called over the Internet that allows applications to communicatewith each other- regardless of the language in which they are writtenor which systems platform and operating system is being used. Eachservice is a discrete social unit of code, and performs a small set of giventasks.Typically, weave services make use of standard vane protocols to performits tasks- it usually follows an revisal 1) find the vane servicerequested, 2) determine how the web service is called once it isfound, and 3) call the program or service requested. For the searchportion, UDDI (Universal Discovery, Description, and Integration) ismainly used. I t is a service that essentially is a directory of webservices, and UDDI helps the user find the web service or program forwhich he is looking. WSDL (Web Service Definition Language) is mostoften used to describe how the web service or program should becalled, and XML to communicate this. Finally, Simple Object AccessProtocol (SOAP) encodes the XML data sent and received, and shares thedata in messages over http.The electric potential power of web services can be displayed in a number ofdifferent ways. Web services are being used to coalesce all sorts ofdata- from local programs interfacing with each other across a localarea network, to large enterprise-level applications communicatingacross the Internet. A few examples of how web services can beutilized are listed below* A return pole is damaged in a remote area of Massachusetts, and autility company has to come in and replace it. However, in orderto do this, the cable, telephone, and electric utility companieshave to act in a ce rtain order in order for the damaged pole to beremoved. Web services can be used to determine the status of theactions taken by the one-on-one companies, since the order of theactions is based on which utility owns the pole.* A company wants to measure how much a particular product it hassold, which customers bought how much of the product, when thenex... ...partners. In other words, web servicesallow the bounds on software integration to be greatly expanded. It isnow a great selling point for companies, particularly those thatdevelop software. And at first, those companies that develop webservices will benefit, but the success will eventually give way tothose businesses that leverage web services in the most useful manner.INDEXBrown, Bob, in an interview with Zimon, Gene (CIO and seniorvice-president of Nstar energy company), Utility IT Exec To ExplorePower of Web Services, Network World, December 2, 2002McAllister, Neil, Service Economy Will Web Services Be the Savior ofthe Indu stry? New Artchitect, April 18, 2002http//www.fatalexception.org/articles/2002/20020418.htmlMicrosoft Corporation, What Are Web Services?, May 15, 2003http//www.microsoft.com/net/basics/webservices.aspSaxby, Barbara Angius, Web Services A Floor Wax or Dessert Topping?,March 7, 2002http//www.goto-silicon-valley.com/articles/barbara-angius-saxby/web_services.pdfSholler, Daniel, METAReport What Are Web Services, Anyway?,Datamation, January 16, 2002http//itmanagement.earthweb.com/it_res/article.php/955861

Industry essay: What are Web Services? -- Computer Science

Industry essay What are entanglement Services?Web function have been hyped over the past year to be the most modern improvement that has come to the Internet. It has beenadopted by many companies, and has reached the forefront ofapplications development. So what is all the hype about?Web services can be exposit as an application that can be deployedor foreseeed over the Internet that allows applications to communicatewith each other- regardless of the language in which they are writtenor which systems platform and operating system is being used. Eachservice is a discrete unit of code, and performs a small set of giventasks.Typically, web services make use of standard web protocols to performits tasks- it usually follows an parliamentary law 1) find the web servicerequested, 2) determine how the web service is called once it isfound, and 3) call the program or service requested. For the searchportion, UDDI (Universal Discovery, Description, and Integration) ismainly used. It is a service that essentially is a directory of webservices, and UDDI helps the user find the web service or program forwhich he is looking. WSDL (Web Service Definition Language) is mostoften used to describe how the web service or program should becalled, and XML to communicate this. Finally, mere(a) Object AccessProtocol (SOAP) encodes the XML data sent and received, and shares thedata in messages over http.The potential power of web services can be displayed in a number ofdifferent ways. Web services are being used to integrate all sorts ofdata- from local programs interfacing with each other across a localarea network, to large enterprise-level applications communicatingacross the Internet. A few examples of how web services can beutilized are listed below* A utility pole is damaged in a remote area of Massachusetts, and autility phoner has to come in and replace it. However, in orderto do this, the cable, telephone, and electric utility companieshave to act in a certain order in order for the damaged pole to beremoved. Web services can be used to determine the status of theactions taken by the individual companies, since the order of theactions is based on which utility owns the pole.* A company wants to measure how much a particular product it hassold, which customers bought how much of the product, when thenex... ...partners. In other words, web servicesallow the bounds on software integration to be greatly expanded. It isnow a great selling point for companies, particularly those thatdevelop software. And at first, those companies that develop webservices will benefit, just now the success will eventually give way tothose businesses that leverage web services in the most useful manner.INDEXBrown, Bob, in an interview with Zimon, factor (CIO and seniorvice-president of Nstar energy company), Utility IT Exec To ExplorePower of Web Services, Network World, December 2, 2002McAllister, Neil, Service Economy Will Web Services Be the delivery boy ofthe Ind ustry? New Artchitect, April 18, 2002http//www.fatalexception.org/articles/2002/20020418.htmlMicrosoft Corporation, What Are Web Services?, May 15, 2003http//www.microsoft.com/net/basics/webservices.aspSaxby, Barbara Angius, Web Services A Floor Wax or dessert Topping?,March 7, 2002http//www.goto-silicon-valley.com/articles/barbara-angius-saxby/web_services.pdfSholler, Daniel, METAReport What Are Web Services, Anyway?,Datamation, January 16, 2002http//itmanagement.earthweb.com/it_res/article.php/955861

Shild critical thinking questions Essay

Describe and give events of changes in your childs exploratory or problem solving behavior from 8 through 18 months and categorize them according to Piagetian and information processing theories. Note that 8 months is included, so youll need to use the time-line to look ski binding at 8 months for examples.Starting at 8 months my child has already gone through the first 3 sub stages of Piagets six sub stages of the sensorimotor stage. Simple reflexes was demonstrated while feeding, first habits and primary circular reactions where shown when studying things while looking at them and not touching. Secondary circular reactions happened when playing with toys equivalent a rattle. Coordination of secondary circular reactions were seen when you would try to find a toy that was hidden, and even if the spot was changed would still look and find it under another toy.An example of the tertiary circular reactions was when in the bath he would push his toys under water and watch how the furt her he pushed down the higher they would pop back up. For the beginnings of thought he now seems interested in dancing or singing along to music, and will respond to it. Information processing approach I can categorize the finding of the hidden toy as the encoding, storage and retrieval, because initially he could not find it, then could find it but not if you changed the location, and then finally could find it no matter where you hid it.Analyze your babys nature in more detail at 18 months than you did at 8 months. How would you describe your baby in terms of the five aspects of temperament utilized by the Virtual Child program (activity, sociability, emotionality, aggressiveness vs. accommodatingness, and self control)? Has titles temperament been stable over the first 18 months? A blurb defining and providing examples of the five aspects of temperament is provided at 12 months, but you should desire out further explanations of temperament from your textbook. Explain how the concept of goodness of fit (also discussed in the blurb on infant temperament) applies to your interactions with your child.When looking at the 5 aspects of temperament Sebastian has been pretty muchstable over the first 18 months. When it comes to activity he has been very active, but still sleeping a good get along of time that gives him enough energy. Loves to spend time outside adventuring, but can also have calm time. Sociability has been a bit of a struggle, because he is very attached and doesnt like new people until he is given time to warm up to them. He is a very cooperative child, actually being more so than he should be for his age, and gets along well with the other children at the daycare. Emotionality I think he is more an emotional child, as when he gets upset when says we have to part he gets rather upset, but will calm down after the event. Self-control I havent really seen any examples on so far, so Im not sure how to answer that. When it comes to goodness of fi t, I go along with his moods and behaviors. I wont force him one way or another to do something that does not suit him. Regardless of that though, it doesnt mean Im lax on things like rules.Were you surprised by anything in the phylogenyal assessment at 19 months? That is, does your perception of your childs physical, cognitive, wording and social development differ from that of the developmental examiner? Give specific examples. If you were not surprised, write instead about some aspects of your childs development that need the most work.I was not real surprised by any aspects of development. From the choices I chose I expected my child to be advanced in the cognitive aspects. I also had the feeling he was going to be overly attached which is something that really needs to be worked on because his sociability is missing greatly because of it with people like adults and those older than him, but with other children his age he is fine. He should also work on speaking more.

Ajanta Caves Essay

Ajanta Caves in Maharashtra, India atomic number 18 a Buddhist monastery Gordian of twenty-nine rock-cut weaken deposits containing delineations and sculpture considered to be masterpieces of both Buddhist religious art1 and widely distributed in writing(p) art2 The caves are located just foreign the village of Ajinh in Aurangabad District in the Indian state of Maharashtra (N. lat. 20 deg. 30 by E. long. 75 deg. 40). Since 1983, the Ajanta Caves shit been a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Excavation of the caves began in the third-second deoxycytidine monophosphate B.C.E., during the period when Dakshinapath was rule by Satavahana dynasty, and activity at the composite continued until the fifth to ordinal carbon C.E., when the land was ruled by Vakatakas.Both the Satavahanas and Vakatakas were followers of Brahmanism, but also patronized the Buddhist shrines. The walls, ceilings and columns of the caves were cover with complex compositions of the Jataka stories (the storie s of the Buddhas former existences as Boddhisattva), and ornate floral and physical decorations. The exuberance and richness of the painting suggests that the artists were accustomed to painting secular as vigorous as religious works. The paintings go for a natural fluidity, depth and volume not show in later, much stylized Indian art.Jataka tales from the Ajanta cavesAjanta Caves view from tatter mightinessAjanta Caves in Maharashtra, India are a Buddhist monastery complex of twenty-nine rock-cut cave monuments containing paintings and sculpture considered to be masterpieces of both Buddhist religious art1 and universal pictorial art2 The caves are located just outside the village of Ajinh in Aurangabad District in the Indian state of Maharashtra (N. lat. 20 deg. 30 by E. long. 75 deg. 40). Since 1983, the Ajanta Caves have been a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Excavation of the caves began in the third-second speed of light B.C.E., during the period when Dakshinapath was rul ed by Satavahana dynasty, and activity at the complex continued until the fifth to sixth century C.E., when the region was ruled by Vakatakas.Both the Satavahanas and Vakatakas were followers of Brahmanism, but also patronized the Buddhist shrines. The walls, ceilings and columns of the caves were covered with complex compositions of the Jataka stories (the stories of the Buddhas former existences asBoddhisattva), and ornate floral and animal decorations. The exuberance and richness of the painting suggests that the artists were accustomed to painting secular as well as religious works. The paintings have a natural fluidity, depth and volume not found in later, more stylized Indian art.Jataka tales from the Ajanta cavesAjanta Caves view from ticket officeHorse shoe shaped Ajanta caves view from Caves Viewpoint more or less eight kms away Contentshide1 Description and History2 Dating of the Caves3 Structure of the Caveso3.1 Cave unrivalledo3.2 Cave deuce4 Paintings5 See also6 Note s7 References8 External links9 CreditsDescription and HistoryThe Ajanta Caves are a Buddhist monastery complex consisting of 29 caves (as officially numbered by the Archaeological Survey of India), located in a wooded and rugged horseshoe-shaped ravine about 3.5 km from the village of Ajintha, which is situated in the Aurangbd district of Maharashtra State in India (106 kilometers away from the city of Aurangabad). on the bottom of the ravine runs the Waghur River, a mountain stream. The caves, mould into the south side of the precipitous scarp made by the cutting of the ravine, vary from 35 to 110 feet in elevation higher up the bed of the stream. The monastic complex of Ajanta consists of several viharas (monastic halls of conformity) and chaitya-grihas (stupa monument halls), adorned witharchitectural details, sculptures and paintings that, even in their partially damaged state, are considered wholeness of the glories of world art.3 Excavation of the caves began in the third -second century B.C.E., during the period when Dakshinapath was ruled by Satavahana dynasty, and activity at the complex continued until the fifth to the sixth century C.E., when the region was ruled by Vakatakas.Both the Satavahanas and Vakatakas were followers of Brahmanism nevertheless, they not only generated a liberal climate in which all religions could flourish, but also patronized the Buddhist shrines. The mention of a rock-cut monastery as the abode of the Buddhist monk Achala celebrated Buddhist philosopher and author of well-know books on logic, and the mountain range where it was located, the monastery creation for received Cave No. 26 and the mountain range, Ajanta ridge, appeared in the travel account of the Chinese pilgrim Hiuen Tsang, who visited India in the seventh century C.E. and stayed at that place for 15 years4. Nothing more was known of Ajanta to begin with 1819, when some British policemans of the Madras Army made a chance discovery of this magnificent s ite. They named it Ajanta later the name of the nearest village. In 1843, after a gap of 25 years, James Fergusson presented a paper to the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland and drew global attention to the site. The Madras Army deputed its officer R. Gill to prepare copies of the Ajanta murals.Gill worked from 1849 to 1855 and prepared 30 paintings, but unfortunately they were destroyed in a fire in 1866. The efforts to discover Ajanta progressed in two directions, the preparation of copies of the murals, and research on Ajantas other aspects. Mr. Griffiths, the Superintendent and Principal of Sir Jamshedji Jijibhai School of Art, Bombay, was at Ajanta from 1872 to 1885 with a team of his students, to copy its murals, but unfortunately close of these were also destroyed in a fire. Finally, Lady Haringham and a team of artists comprising Syed Ahmad and Mohammad Fazlud-din of Hyderabad and Nandalal Bose, Asit Kumar Haldar and Samarendranath Gupta of the Calcutta S chool, camped at Ajanta from 1910 to 1912 copying its murals. In 1956-1957 the Archeological Survey of India took up the project and certain copies of the murals were prepared. In 1983, the Ajanta Caves were declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.Dating of the CavesThe period during which Ajanta Caves were excavated stretches over eight- or nine hundred years from the third- to second century B.C.E. to the fifth- sixth century C.E. The caves reveal two distinct phases of excavation. Six of them, namely, caves 9, 10, 8, 12, 13, and 15-A (the last unrivalled was re-discovered in 1956, and is still not officially numbered), belong to the too soon period. Caves 9 and 10 appear to have been excavated during the second half of the third or the world-class half of the second century B.C.E.. The other four date from the prime(prenominal) century B.C.E. However, Cave 10 is the earliest it precedes even Cave 9 by at least 50 years. Caves 12, 13, and 15A of this phase are vihras (monastic halls of residence). During this period, Buddhism pursued the Hnayna doctrine, which initially prohibited the worship of anthropomorphic images of Buddha. Caves 9 and 10, the Chaitya-grahas (homes of the Sacred, monument halls) do not have anthropomorphic images of Buddha, though on the faade of Cave No. 9 such images were subsequently added.Around the first century B.C.E.Hinayana allowed the making of Buddhas personal images. The shift from non-image to image characterizes other caves of this early phase, known as the Hinayana-Satavahana phase. Caves 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 to 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 and 29 belong to the later phase, which began three centuries later, from the fifth to the sixth century C.E.. Buddhism had largely shifted to Mahayana doctrine and the region was ruled by Vakatakas of the Vatsagulma branch, who were also the patrons of these caves this phase is usually known as Mahayana-Vakataka phase. As suggested by epigraphic records, Caves No. 16 and 17 were commissioned by Vakataka ruler Harishena (475-500 C.E.) finished with(predicate) one of his ministers Varahadeva, who was posted at the site for supervising the progress, and a subordinate vassal of the area respectively. Ajanta had been a center of monastic and religious activities since the second- to first century B.C.E. the embellishment of facades and wall spaces with paintings and sculptures continued all through with(predicate).However, the excavation of the caves seems to have been suspended until the excavation of Caves 16 and 17. Cave 8 was long thought to be a Hinayna cave however current research shows that it is in fact a Mahayana cave. Three chaitya-grihas, caves 19, 26, and 29, were excavated during the Vakataka or Mahayana phase. The last cave was abandoned soon after it was begun. The rest of the excavations are viharas caves 1-3, 5-8, 11, 14-18,20-25, and 27-28. None of the caves in the Vakataka phase were ever fully completed. Based on the archaeologic al evidence visible on site, the suggestion of Walter M. Spink that a crisis occurred when the ruling Vakataka dynasty suddenly fell out of power and forced all activities to a sudden halt, is increasingly gaining acceptance.Structure of the CavesThe viharas are of various come ups, the maximum being about 52 feet. They are often square-shaped. Their designs are varied some have simple and some have ornate facades, some have a porch and others do not. The hall was an essential element of a vihara. The early viharas of the Vakataka phase were not intended to have shrines because they were meant to be employ solely as halls of residence and congregation. Later, a shrine set in the back wall of the vihara became a norm. The shrines were fashion to house a central object of reverence, often the image of the Buddha position in the dharmachakrapravartana mudra (the gesture of teaching position). In the more recent caves, subsidiary shrines are added on the side walls, porch or the fro nt-court. The facades of some vihras are decorated with carvings, and walls and ceilings were often covered with paintings. Most of the subjects of the paintings have been identified by the German Ajantologist, Dieter Schlingloff.Cave OnePainting from Cave No. 1Cave 1The first cave on the eastern end of the horse-shoe shaped scarp, it is, according to Spink, one of the a la mode(p) caves to have begun on site and brought to near-completion in the Vkaka phase. Although there is no epigraphic evidence, it has been proposed that the Vkaka king Harisena may have been the benefactor of this better- preserve cave. This cave has an elaborate carving on its facade with relief sculptures on entablature and fridges, depicting scenes from the life of the Buddha as well as a number of decorative motifs. A two- columned portico, visible in nineteenth-century photographs, has since perished. The cave has a front-court with cells fronted by columned vestibules on either side, and a porch with s imple cells on both ends. The absence of pillared vestibules on the ends suggest thatthe porch was not excavated in the latest phase of Ajanta, when pillared vestibules had became the norm. Most areas of the porch were once covered with murals, of which many fragments remain. there are three penetrations a central doorway and two side doorways, and two square windows carved between the doorways to brighten the interiors. Each wall of the hall deep down is nearly 40 feet long and 20 feet high. A square colonnade of 12 pillars inside supports the ceiling and creates spacious gangplanks along the walls. A shrine carved on the enhance wall houses an impressive seated image of the Buddha, his hands in the dharmachakrapravartana mudra (position). There are four cells on each of the left, rear, and the right walls. The walls are covered with paintings in a fair state of preservation, depicting mostly didactic, devotional, and ornamental scenes from the Jataka stories (the stories of th e Buddhas former existences as Boddhisattva), the life of the Gautam Buddha, and those of his veneration.Cave TwoPainting, Cave No. 2 (?)Painting from the Ajanta cavesAjanta CavesAjanta CavesCave 2, adjacent to Cave 1, is known for the paintings that have been preserved on its walls, ceilings, and pillars. It resembles Cave 1 and is in a better state of preservation. The porch and the facade carvings are varied, and the cave is supported by robust ornamented pillars, but the size and ground plan have many aspects in common with the first cave. The front porch has of cells supported by pillared vestibules on both ends porch-end cells, which housed more room, symmetry, and beauty, became a trend in all later Vakataka excavations. The paintings on the ceilings and walls of this porch have been widely published. They depict the Jataka tales that are stories of the Buddhas life in former existences as Bodhisattva. The porchs rear wall has a doorway in the center, which allows entrance to the hall.On either side of the door is a square-shaped window to brighten the interiors. Four colonnades lay in a square support the ceiling thecapitals are carved and multi-colored with various decorative themes that include ornamental, human, animal, vegetative and semi-divine forms. The paintings covering the walls and ceilings are wear away and fragmentary at various places. Painted narratives of the Jataka tales are depicted on the walls in such a way that a devotee walking through the aisles between the colonnades and the wall would be able to read about the Buddhas teachings and life through successive births.PaintingsThe Ajanta Cave paintings are the earliest and most primal wall paintings in India and are particularly significant because all other forms of painting, such as palace murals and painting on wood, cloth or palm-leaf from before about 1000 C.E. have not survived. 5 The technique and process used to create the Ajanta cave paintings are unlike any other artw ork found in the art history of other civilizations, and are unique within the history of southernmost Asian art. The walls, ceilings and columns of the caves were covered with complex compositions of the Jataka stories and ornate floral and animal decorations. The paintings depict a universe in which aristocratic men and women dwell in harmony with an abundant nature. The exuberance and richness of the painting suggests that the artists were accustomed to painting secular as well as religious works. The process of painting involved several stages. First, the rock surface was chiseled to make it rough decent to hold a stick on made of clay, hay, dung and lime over a clay under-layer. Differences are found in the ingredients and their proportions from cave to cave.While the plaster was still wet, the drawings were outlined and the colors applied. The wet plaster had the capacity to soak up the color so that the color became a part of the surface and would not peel off or decay eas ily. The colors were referred to as earth colors or vegetable colors. Various kinds of stones, minerals, and plants were used in combinations to prepare different colors. The paint brushes used to create the artwork were made from animal hair and twigs. The outline drawing has a fluency and vigor not found in later Indian painting. Modeling and highlights, as well as spatial recession are used to accentuate the volume of the figures. The latest paintings show some of the highly-stylized, flatter(prenominal) qualities of paintings from the succeeding centuries. Sculptures were often covered with stucco to give them a fine finish and lustrouspolish. The stucco had the ingredients of lime and powdered sea-shell or conch. The latter afforded exceptional shine and smoothness. In cave upper 6, where some of it is extant, the smoothness resembles the surface of glass.See alsoThe Ajanta Caves (Ajih leni Marathi ) in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra, India are 30 rock-cut cave monuments w hich date from the 2nd century BCE to the 600 CE. The caves include paintings and sculptures considered to be masterpieces of Buddhist religious art (which depict the Jataka tales)1 as well as frescos which are resounding of the Sigiriya paintings in Sri Lanka.2 The caves were built in two phases starting around 2nd century BCE, with the second group of caves built around 600 CE.3 It is a protected monument under the Archaeological Survey of India.4 Since 1983, the Ajanta Caves have been a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The caves are located in the Indian state of Maharashtra, near Jalgaon, just outside the village of Ajinh (203156N 754444E). Caves are only about 59 kilometers from Jalgaon kickway station (on Delhi Mumbai, Rail line of the Central railways, India) and 104 kilometers from Aurangabad (from Ellora Caves 100 Kilometers).Contentshide1 First period2 Second period3 Rediscovery by Europeans4 Cave One5 Cave Twoo5.1 The facadeo5.2 The porcho5.3 The hallo5.4 The paintings6 Cav e Four7 See also8 References9 Literature10 External linkseditFirst periodAccording to Spink (2006), the first phase was the construction of sanctuaries (known as chaytia-grihas) built during the period 100 BCE to 100 CE, probably under the condescend of the Satavahana dynasty (230 BCE c. 220 CE) in the canyons of the Waghora River. The caves 9, 10, 12 and 15A were constructed during this period.5 murals preserved from this time belong to the oldest monuments of painted art in India.Birds eye view of Ajanta Caves.editSecond periodAjanta Caves, mapScholars differ about the date of the Ajanta Caves second period. For a time it was thought that the work was done over a long period from the fourth to the 7th century AD, but recently long-time researcher Walter M. Spink declared that most of the work took place over short time period, from 460 to 480 CE, during the reign of Emperor Harishena of the Vakataka dynasty. Some 20 cave temples were simultaneously created, for the most part vih aras monasteries with a sanctuary in the structures rear centre. Each of cave temples seem to be patronised by influential authority, numerous best available artists have been involved in the work with fruitful rivalry between the neighbouring construction sites.6 According to Spink, the Ajanta Caves appear to have been abandoned shortly after the fall of Harishena c. 480 CE. Since then, these temples have been abandoned and gradually forgotten. During the intervening centuries, the jungle grew back and the caves were hidden, unvisited and undisturbed.7 editRediscovery by EuropeansOn 28 April 1819, a British officer for the Madras Presidency, John Smith, of the 28th Cavalry, while hunting tiger, accidentally discovered the entrance to one of the cave temples (Cave No. 10) deep within the tangled undergrowth. Exploring that first cave, long since a home to nothing more than birds and bats and a lair for other, larger, animals, Captain Smith scratched his name in on one of the pillars . tranquil faintly visible, itrecords his name and the date, April 1819. Since he stood on a five foot high pile of rubble collected over the years, the inscription is well above the eye-level gaze of an adult.8 Shortly after this discovery, the Ajanta Caves became renowned for their exotic setting, impressive architecture, historic artwork, and long-forgotten history. editCave OnePainting of Padmapani and Vajrapani from Cave No. 1Porch of cave no. 1.Ajanta CavesThe first cave was built on the eastern end of the horse-shoe shaped scarp. According to Spink, it is one of the latest caves to have begun on site and brought to near-completion in theVkaka phase.clarification needed Although there is no epigraphic evidence, it has been proposed that the Vkaka Emperor Harishena may have been the benefactor of this better-preserved cave. A dominant reason for this is that Harisena was not involved initially in patronizing Ajanta. This cave has one of the most elaborate carvings on its facad e with relief sculptures on entablature and ridges. There are scenes carved from the life of the Buddha as well as a number of decorative motifs. A two pillared portico, visible in the 19th-century photographs, has since perished. The cave has a front-court with cells fronted by pillared vestibules on either side.These have a high plinth level. The cave has a porch with simple cells on both ends. The absence of pillared vestibules on the ends suggest that the porch was not excavated in the latest phase of Ajanta when pillared vestibules had become a necessity and norm. Most areas of the porch were once covered with murals, of which many fragments remain. There are three doorways a central doorway and two side doorways. Two square windows were carved between the doorways to brighten the interiors. Each wall of the hall inside is nearly 40 feet (12 m) long and 20 feet (6.1 m) high. Twelve pillars make a square colonnade inside backup the ceiling, and creating spacious aisles along th e walls.There is a shrine carved on the rear wall to house an impressive seated image of the Buddha, his hands being in the dharmachakrapravartana mudra. There are four cells on each of the left, rear, and the right walls. Thewalls are covered with paintings in a fair state of preservation. The scenes depicted are mostly didactic, devotional, and ornamental. The themes are from the Jataka stories (the stories of the Buddhas former existences as Bodhisattva), the life of the Gautama Buddha, and those of his veneration. editCave TwoAjanta CavesPainting, cave no. 2.Painting from the Ajanta Caves.A section of the mural at Ajanta in Cave No 17, depicts the coming of Sinhala. The prince (Prince Vijaya) is seen in both of groups of elephants and riders.The consecration of KingSinhala (Prince Vijaya) (Detail from the Ajanta Mural of Cave No 17).Entrance of cave no. 9.Lord Buddha in preaching pose flanked by Bodhisattvas, Cave 4, Ajanta.Cave 2, adjacent to Cave 1, is known for the paintings that have been preserved on its walls, ceilings, and pillars. It looks similar to Cave 1 and is in a better state of preservation.The facadeCave 2 has a porch quite a different from Cave one. Even the facade carvings seem to be different. The cave is supported by robust pillars, ornamented with designs. The size and ground plan have many things in common with the first cave.The porchThe front porch consists of cells supported by pillared vestibules on bothends. The cells on the previously wasted areas were needed to meet the greater housing requirements in later years. Porch-end cells became a trend in all later Vakataka excavations. The simple single cells on porch-ends were converted into CPVs or were planned to provide more room, symmetry, and beauty. The paintings on the ceilings and walls of this porch have been widely published. They depict the Jataka tales that are stories of the Buddhas life in former existences as Bodhisattva. The porchs rear wall has a doorway in the cent er, which allows entrance to the hall. On either side of the door is a square-shaped window to brighten the interior.The hallThe hall has four colonnades which are supporting the ceiling and surrounding a square in the center of the hall. Each arm or colonnade of the square is parallel to the respective walls of the hall, making an aisle in between. The colonnades have rock-beams above and below them. The capitals are carved and painted with various decorative themes that include ornamental, human, animal, vegetative, and semi-divine forms.The paintingsPaintings appear on almost every surface of the cave except for the floor. At various places the art work has become eroded due to decay and human interference. Therefore, many areas of the painted walls, ceilings, and pillars are fragmentary. The painted narratives of the Jataka tales are depicted only on the walls, which demanded the special attention of the devotee. They are didactic in nature, meant to inform the community about t he Buddhas teachings and life through successive rebirths. Their placement on the walls required the devotee to walk through the aisles and read the narratives depicted in various episodes. The narrative episodes are depicted one after another although not in a linear order.Their identification has been a core area of research since the sites rediscovery in 1819. Dieter Schlingloffs identifications have updated our knowledge on the subject. Some believe that the art work has erroneously been alluded to as fresco, rather than mural, and assert that the technique and process used to produce this kind of artwork is unlike any other artwork found in the art history of other civilizations, including within the history of South Asian art.Cave FourThe Archeological Survey of India board outside the caves gives the following detail about cave 4 This is the largest monastery planned on a grandiose scale but was never finished.An inscription on the pedestal of the buddhas image mentions that it was a gift from a person named Mathura and paleographically belongs to 6 th century A.D. It consists of a verandah , a hypostylar hall, sanctum with an antechamber and a series of unfinished cells.The sanctum houses a colossal image of Lord buddha in preaching pose flanked

Helter Skelter Book Report

The year was 1969, and in earliest August seven battalion were brut wholey takeed rowing like Pig, Healter Skelter and Rise were found printed in blood at the crime scenes. until nowtu all in ally it is discovered that the perpetrators of these horrific crimes are cult members living on the outskirts of society, guide by a man named Charles Manson. But who is Charles Manson? Charles Manson is a monster, surely, but as a monster he offers us a unique look into the valet de chambre mind. This semester we ache learned about the many different types of people who whitethorn engage in individual forms of social wildness.Charles Manson however, provides us the case study of a man whose life revolved some interpersonal violence in all its manifestations. There was nothing this man wouldnt do to reach his goals he would rape, murder, manipulate, and lie all in the name of his personal ambitions. In Vincent Bugliosis withstand, Helter Skelter The True Story of the Manson Murde rs, the reader is provided a thorough explanation of how Manson developed his criminal lifestyle though the focus is on the famous murders he helped to commit as the loss leader of The Family and the process partd to convict him.After a sketch comment about the book as a whole and its writing style and content, Mansons connections to the subject of interpersonal violence will be examined. These connections take the subjects of child neglect, rape, domestic violence, and spiritual abuse. This book offers a huge amount of detail regarding how the Manson Family murders were committed, how the investigation proceeded and how the trial against Manson was won.To b frame this history to life, Bugliosi organized his book into chapters ranging from hotshot month to five month increments which serve to place the reader back in the summer of 69 right after the Tate murders were committed, and take him or her all the track to the conclusion of the trial and its aftermath. While this lev el of detail and careful organization is very intelligent at informing the reader of the details of Mansons crimes and how he got convicted, I believe that most important is the analysis of Mansons life in regards to interpersonal violence.Therefore, I will focus only on the summary of Mansons life provided in the book, as easily as his methods for building and controlling his Family. Since this book was written by a lawyer (Mr. Bugliosi was the prosecuting attorney in the Manson case), one might think that Helter Skelter might be rather boring i. e. make sensely fact driven and concerned with the technical aspects of the Manson trial as Mr. Bugliosi experienced them. This book is certainly very concerned with the facts, and Bugliosi even provides the time that many events took place. The police investigation is especially explicit in this regard.For example, about 130 that afternoon Lieutenant Burdick interviewed a girl who had been booked under the name Leslie Sankston, (p. 1 21). This aspect of the book can be hard to get done at times, as there is a large cast of characters including suspects, law enforcement officials, witnesses and other ancillary characters whose actions and influences on the case are laid out in careful detail. It can be difficult to keep track of who provided what evidence or which Manson family member was or wasnt involved in the groups actions (to make matters worse many of the Family have multiple aliases and nicknames).However, despite some factual overload, Bugliosi does add some comments which add flavor and help the reader to ensure what the murders meant for people living around Los Angeles at the time. For example, Bugliosi talks quite about how the general public and the media react to the murders, including details such as, one Beverly Hills sporting goods investment firm sold 200 firearms prior to the murders, they averaged trine or four a day, (p. 73).This color commentary lifts the readers division out of the wo rld of the murder investigation to remind them that outside of all this tragedy people were living their ordinary lives, and were obviously scared and nervous about the violence they saw occurrent in their city. Another interesting aspect of the story is the fact that while this book is in a management a history book feeling at the past, Bugliosi actually experienced this history and provides his own emotional reactions to what happened.For example, when Bugliosi read Mansons file to understand who he was about to prosecute he commented, I was surprised, in studying Mansons record, to find no sustained history of violence, (p. 203). While the reader might disagree with Bugliosi (it seems that instances of armed robbery, homo sexual rape and married woman beating could be considered a sustained history), these personal reactions to what is going on show the reader that Bugliosi is not merely an author or a historian, but a character in this story who experienced all the madness r evolving around Charles Manson first hand.Therefore, while Helter Skelter might be considered very fact-driven it certainly has a heart, and Mr. Bugliosi does an excellent job describing not only exactly how the investigation went, but also how it felt for some of the people involved. Anyone interested in interpersonal violence, the 60s or Charles Manson will certainly have learnt a great deal after finishing this book. As Ive said previously, the life of Charles Manson revolved around interpersonal violence. From an early age Manson was the victim of child neglect his mother (Kathleen Maddox) would leave him with neighbors, for an hour, then disappear for days or weeks, (p. 91).While there is no evidence provided that Manson was actually ab employ during these days forth from his mother, the lack of any strong parental figures to care for him must have been traumatizing for Manson. Kathleen was sixteen when Charles was born, and was known to wassail and party, often bringing hom e men with the same proclivities. She was also a very poor model for her son when it came to following the law. Along with her brother Luther, Kathleen was sentenced to five years in prison for armed robbery when Charles was between four and five years old.Manson never met his father who is said to have died in 1954. Considering his upbringing, it is not surprising that the boy had trouble adjusting properly, and that his struggle to be noticed and gain attention would be at the core of his being. When Manson was twelve his mother sent him away to the Gibault School for Boys, describe as a caretaking institution, (p. 191) because she could no longer to care for him. From this point on Charles Manson would be in and out of institutions (including prison).When the investigations for the Tate-LaBianca murders were taking place Manson was 32 years old and had spent over seventeen of those years in some form of institution. During the time Manson was incarcerated personality examination s were conducted and various descriptions warn of the possibility of violence. Manson was described as being, aggressively antisocial, (p. 193) having, a tendency toward moodiness, (p. 192) and as, hiding his loneliness, resentment, and hostility behind a facade of superficial ingratiation, (p. 00).These examinations and their conclusions will be very important when considering what could have been done to stop Manson and what we as a society can do to ensure no one like him is ever awarded to terrorize others again. The acts of interpersonal violence Manson committed during his time in and out of institutions are numerous. When Manson was seventeen he attended Natural Bridge Camp and a month before his beat hearing he, took a razor blade and held it against another boys throat while he sodomized him, (p. 194).However, this did not stop Manson from being rel reposed and he immediately married a waitress and got her pregnant (he was 19). A year later however, he was in trouble wit h the law for stealing cars (and driving them across assure lines a federal offense) and admitted to the judge-requested psychiatrist that he beat his wife, at times, (p. 196). After three years in jail, Manson was released with five years parole (the year was 1958). In 1959, Mansons parole officer was informed by a parent that Manson had conned his daughter (Jo Anne) and one of her friends (Beth), telling them he was in the night club, radio and video recording business.Manson convinced Jo Anne to invest her savings in his bogus company, got her pregnant (there was no mention if the sex was consensual), and drugged and raped Beth as swell up (p. 199). For violating his probation as well as these new sexual crimes he was accused of committing Manson was sentenced to 10 years in prison (although he was paroled on March 21, 1967). It was after this stint in prison that Manson began to bring his Family together and it was with them that he truly began to explore his appetite for vi olence through the use of spiritual abuse.The Manson Family at first glance whitethorn not seem different from many of the communes that had execute together in the 60s, representing a desire for sexual liberation and a more natural way of living. However, the Family was not simply a commune, but a cult whose idea of a more natural way of life included violence, submission and lastly control over the world as the, pure, white master race, (p. 330). To members of the family Charles Manson was Jesus Christ or God, and these were the aliases that Charlie Manson provided the police when he was charged for the car theft ring (p. 80).Manson invariably had a desire for attention and to feel noticed and important, and it was through his creation of his own religion that he could finally get what he always wanted. Unfortunately for his acolytes, Mansons appetite for violence and abuse only escalated once he had a multitude of willing victims under his control. It may seem erratic that peo ple would want to join such an abusive group, but Manson had various means to attract people to his Family. To convince men to join him Manson would use the sexual favors of the girls already under his control.For example, when trying to attract a biker from the Straight Satans gang to join him, Manson is quoted as saying, Move up here, you can have all the girls you want, all the girls, (p. 131). To get girls to join Manson would ask for the help of some of the more attractive men in the Family to, go down to the Sunset Strip, where the teenyboppers hung out, or drive the highways ceremonial occasion for girls who were hitchhiking, (p. 317) in the hope that they would be able to lure some of the girls back to the ranch the Family was living on.Once these new recruits were introduced to the Family, Manson had a variety of techniques he would use to control them. Manson was said to have possessed an ability to capitalize on, a persons hang-ups and/or desires, (p. 316). He told plain girls they were beautiful, told girls with daddy issues to imagine that he was their father, and girls looking for a leader that he was Jesus Christ. To ensure that the girls were completely submissive Manson would convince them that, women are only as good as their men, and that they were a reflection of their men, (p. 02).This is obviously ideal for a cult leader because Manson portrayed himself as the father of the Family and their savior. Since their man was so good, these girls felt that they were good, and that Manson would lead them to salvation and love. This florilegium of brainwashing and domination produced in the girls, a little girl quality as if they had been, retarded at a certain stage in their childhood, (p. 184-185). Even when considering murder and death the girls would maintain a positive, contented mood, as if nothing could faze them.Manson did not just use words to bring about total obedience however. One thirteen-year-old girl was not considered submissive e nough for Manson so he, punched her in the mouth kicked her across a room hit her over the head with a chair leg, (p. 277). This was not entirely typical of Manson though as his favorite weapons of control consisted of using or withholding sex (especially with the male Family members), as well as drug- aid manipulation. LSD is a hallucinogenic drug which can make the one taking it more susceptible to outside influence.Manson used this home to, instill his philosophies, exploit weaknesses and fears, and extract promises and agreements from his followers, (p. 318) while they were tripping on LSD (which he provided of course). Mansons religion that he would con his followers into believing was base on a mixture of Scientology, passages from the Bible, Buddhism and records by the Beatles. While it is difficult to decipher exactly how this philosophy all fit together, one important element that aided in the control of the Family was fear.According to Manson, fear was the same thing as awareness, (p. 319) and the goal (as in many religions or philosophies) is to gain more awareness, or to come into the Now, which is a term taken from Scientologists and basically means to truly live in the moment. Manson told Family members that they should always be afraid, and he would search out his followers great fears so that he could use these fears, like a magic buttonhe could push at will to control that person, (p. 319).This aspect of the Manson cult is so important to understand because it explains why Manson had such a strong following. Even though many of his Family members were afraid of him, Manson told them that they wanted to be afraid so they took it as a good thing. Another important aspect of Mansons beliefs that is very important for understanding the murders he would later commit was his interpretation of a chapter in the Bible from Revelations. Revelations tells of the four horsemen of the apocalypse who were foretold to arrive on earth to bring about a war where a ternion of mankind would perish.Manson believed that these four horsemen were the Beatles quiver group, and therefore the apocalypse was happening soon if not immediately. Manson believed there was going to be a race war (blacks vs. whites) in which the whites would be wiped out (the third of mankind that will perish) and the only way to escape it was to hide out in the desert where he could later return with his Family where they would rule over the rest blacks as the master race. The murders that Manson and his followers committed were meant to spark this race war, and move Mansons plan into action.Although this sounds quite unbelievable, the combination of LCD, naivete (some of the Family members were fed these theories since they were thirteen), and the time plosive speech sound allowed Manson to assemble quite a sizable group. While it is estimated that there may have been over a hundred Family members at various times, the inner overlap remained at around 20-30 p eople (p. 186). The Family was Mansons greatest creation. While previously Manson could only abuse one or two people at a time, he found a way to simultaneously abuse dozens of people all without the knowledge of society as a whole.A lap of research has been done in the field of interpersonal violence since the time of the Manson murders. There are more accepted theories explaining why people commit acts of interpersonal violence and there are more tested methods of how to recognize people or situations that may become abusive. It is clear just how far things have progressed when the ease of which Charles Manson is labeled as the monster he is and the multiple warning signs that appear when looking at his life and personality.Many of Mansons personality traits match with those suggested by Rosenbaum, Pagelow and/or Anderson, including violence in family of origin, (although there is no explicit information about physical abuse, Manson was neglected and rejected by his mother) low self esteem, (Manson had a drive to be recognized by others) traditionalist, authoritarian personalities, need for power or control (the way Manson ran his Family is clear evidence of this) as well as moody, (mentioned in institutional personality checks of Manson) and psychopathology, (Wallace, Roberson, p. 22 Table 9. 1).Although there is no single accepted checklist for traits of an abuser, Manson would be identified as an abuser using three different (though overlapping) scales. If these types of measurements had been available in Mansons early years, he may have been discovered and possibly could have been treated when he was 19 (when he abused his first wife) instead of being released from prison after a few short years with no rehabilitation and allowed to continue his patterns of abuse.The tactics Manson used to control the Family are also very well documented in todays research of intimate partner abuse. For example, three main elements in any abuse situation are fear, isol ation and lack of resources (Wallace, Roberson, p. 225). Mansons religion was based on making his followers as afraid as workable, and having an intimate knowledge of each members fears so that they could be used against them when needed.While many of the Family members appeared to radiate inner contentment, there were several designer members of the Family that testified in the Manson case that would talk about how afraid they were of what Manson would do to them if they disobeyed his commands. Isolation was obviously an important part of Mansons philosophy as he was very against the establishment and saw the apocalypse fast approaching therefore he took his family to the desert and for most of the time the Family was together they lived on Spahns ranch, which was an old westerly movie set that had allen into disrepair.Once in this isolated location Manson had free reign to manipulate and abuse his followers with no one to stop him. drop of resources could be said to apply to a ll the members of the Family as they were living the hippie lifestyle with no real employment prospects. However, this is important when considering that very few of the Family members go away Manson, especially his inner circle. Although Manson might have been abusive and geting in many ways, he appeared to have a plan and an answer for lifes hardened apparent movements.With no better prospects and no real way to successfully fend for themselves, it is no surprise that many of the women especially did not leave (they were taught they were only good as their man after all what would they do with no man? ). With more knowledge about what can cause abusive situations as well as increased awareness among the general population I am hopeful that a situation like the one that developed in the calcium desert will not happen again, and if it does hopefully it will be quickly identified and shut down.Sexual assault is a common broker in many of the different topics in interpersonal v iolence including rape, intimate partner abuse and child abuse. There is evidence that Manson participated in all of these facets of sexual assault. Although Ive already mentioned how he has raped (Beth in 1959) and used sex as a means of control (with the female Family members), he also diligent in child sexual abuse.One thirteen year old girl was sodomized by Manson as other Family members looked on as part of her generalization (p. 18). Mansons motives for sexual assault are easy to match up with the category of power rape given in Wallace and Robersons text book on family violence. Power rapes (specifically power-assertive rapists) consider rape as, an expression of his virility, mastery and dominance, (p. 342). Clearly Manson desired attention, obedience and wanted control over his victims, that being the same way he ran his Family. By controlling what others did sexually Manson was able to feel in control of them.Clearly Manson was not interested in his followers as people, but merely puppets from which he could get what he wanted. When considering the scope of the spiritual abuse that Manson perpetrated on his followers, it is important to consider his authoritarian personality and his need for attention and control. Mansons philosophy was all there was for the Family there was no adding elements to it or frame inting a personal spin on the information. As one Family member put it, everything was done at Charlies direction, (p. 317).Therefore, when examining some of the questions Wallace and Robersons book offer as means of determining if a religious group is abusive, the answers to them are uniformly no. For example, Does the group allow for development in theological beliefs? Does the group foster relationships and connections with the larger society that are more than self-serving? or the question most indicative of the abusive situation happening at Spahn ranch, Does the group encourage independent thinking and the development of discernment s kills? (Wallace and Roberson, p. 327).While Manson did not demand any of his followers kill themselves as is the pattern in many cults, his motives were just as sinister. Mansons goal was to survive the apocalypse to be the leader of the master white race. With the help of his Family Manson wanted to go from the leader of 30-40 hippies to the leader of the whole world. Luckily his means of obtaining this goal were not as shocking as the goal itself and eventually landed him in jail, far away from impressionable minds to warp and twist.Charles Manson is an interesting man in that he offers us the opportunity to see how a human being can transform himself into an animalistic monster if society turns a blind eye. Even though Manson proved from an early age that he was violent and had no respect for authority or law, he was repeatedly let out to wreak havoc on society. Charles Mansons masterpiece was a sadistic, brainwashing cult which twisted the minds of dozens of young people, made them experiences the horror of abuse, physical, emotional and sexual, and finally ended in the deaths of at least nine people.What Manson really gives us is a reason to continue the fight against interpersonal violence. As a society we must never again allow such a person to freely exist among us. People with these types of violent tendencies must be identified, understand and if at all possible, rehabilitated. If rehabilitation is not possible then the proper steps must be taken to ensure that such an abusive person is never allowed access to another victim.While people often think that interpersonal violence isnt their problem because they havent personally experienced it, Charles Manson shows just how ignorant this opinion is. While Manson may have been someone elses problem before he started the family, it was still one man that shocked and frightened an entire state, and made the entire earth take notice. With our increased understanding we now that the ability to fight to in sure that nothing like the Manson Family will be allowed to exist unchecked again.

History of the Philippines

CONTRIBUTION AND ACHIEVEMENTS General Emilio Aguinaldo (January 23, 1899 April 1, 1901) To make it easier for you to master, always remember why Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was on the 5-peso poster (which is not used anymore, instead his head-profile is on the 5-peso coin) bearing the Philippine flag at the celebration of the Philippine Independence Day, its because he was the beginning(a) chairmanof the Philippines First Republic (a. k. a. Malolos Republic). Contributions and Achievements of Emilio Aguinaldo * original hot seat * youngest chairperson he became the countrys leader at age 28 * longest-lived chair he died when he was 94 (wow * one of the active leaders of KKK * signed the Pact ofBiak na Bato * known as the chair of the Revolutionary Government * he fought against the Spanish and American to retain our independence 2Manuel L. Quezon (November 15, 1935 August 1, 1944) Notable facts about Manuel Luis Quezon is that, he is known as the Father of field of study Lang uage (Ama ng Wikang Pambansa) and he died in Saranac Lake, in the altogether York due to tuberculosis. Ive seen his life-sized wax statue inside the Quezon Memorial Circle, it was well crafted. Contributions and Achievements of Manuel L. Quezon first Senate president elect as President of the Philippines * first president elected through a national election * first president under the Commonwealth * he created National Council of Education * he initiated womens suffrage in the Philippines during the Commonwealth * he made Tagalog / Filipino as the national language of the Philippines * he appears on the twenty-peso bill * a province, a city, a bridge and a univer depend ony in Manila were named after him * his body lies within the special monument on Quezon Memorial Circle 3 Jose P. Laurel (October 14, 1943 August 17, 1945)Laurel was the third to sit at the office during Japanese occupation of World War II. He was the only Filipino president to have been shot outside of combat. C ontributions and Achievements of Jose P. Laurel * he was considered as the legitimate president of the Philippines * he organized KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas). * he declared Martial Law in 1944 * he and his family developed the establishment of Lyceum of the Philippines 4. Sergio Osmena (August 1, 1944 may 28, 1946) Sergio Osmena was the south president of the Commonwealth he succeeded Quezon after his death.Contributions and Achievements of Sergio Osmena * he was 65 when he became president making him the oldest president to hold office * he was the first Visayan to become president * he joined US Gen. Douglas McArthur in Leyte on October 20, 1944 starting the freedom of the Philippines from the Japanese during World War II * during his time, the Philippine National Bank has been rehabilitated and the country joined the International Monetary Fund * on his time, the Bell Trade Act was approved by the US Congress * Sergio Osmena appears on the 50 peso bill Manuel Roxas (May 28, 1946 April 15, 1948) Roxas was the fifth president of the Philippines overall but he was considered as the third and last president under the Commonwealth and the first of the Third Republic of the Philippines. He only sat in the office for 1 year, 10 months and 18 days. Contributions and Achievements of Manuel A. Roxas was inaugurated as the young and first president of the bare-assed Republic because the Philippines was finally free after the WW II * in his time, the country has started reconstruction from war damage and the Philippines started breathing without foreign rule * under his landmark, the Philippine Rehabilitation Act and Philippine Trade Act laws were accepted by the congress * he is in the 100 peso bill 6,Elpidio Quirino (April 17, 1948 celestial latitude 30, 1953) He was the vice president at Roxas time. He became president when the latter died in 1948. Contributions and Achievements of Elpidio Quirino under his marches Hukbalahap mo vement was active * he created Social Security consignment * he also created Integrity Board to monitor graft and corruption * in 1948, Quezon City was the capital of the Philippines * peso and dollar exchange rate at his time was 1 US = P2 7. Ramon Magsaysay (December 30, 1953 March 17, 1957) He was natural in Iba, Zambales, was a military governor, and engineer. He died on a plane crash on Dec. 1957, boarding the presidential plane named Mt. Pinatubo Contributions and Achievements of Ramon Magsaysay * was a chairman of the Committee on Guerilla Affairs was the first president sworn into office wearingBarong Tagalogin his opening * his presidency was referred as the Philippines Golden Years for it was the cleanest and zero-corruption * the Philippines was ranked 2ndin Asias clean and well-governed countries * he established National Resettlement and Rehabilitation garbage disposal (NARRA) among his agrarian reforms 8,Carlos P. Garcia (March 18, 1957 December 30, 1961) Another lawyer, Carlos P. Garcia was a poet, teacher, and guerilla leader too. Born from Bohol, he was the vice president of Magsaysay and secretary of Foreign Affairs for 4 years.He became president when Magsaysay died in 1957. Contributions and Achievements of Carlos P. Garcia * he was known forFilipino First Policy * he established the Austerity Program focusing on Filipino trade and trade * was known as the Prince of Visayan Poets and the bard from Bohol * cultural arts was revived during his term * was the first president to have his mud buried at theLibingan ng mga Bayani 9. Diosdado Macapagal (December 30, 1961 December 30, 1965) He was born in Lubao, Pampanga, Diosdado Macapagal is the father of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, the 14thand second woman president of the Philippines.He was a lawyer and a professor, too. Contributions and Achievements of Diosdado Macapagal * he established the first Land elucidate Law * he placed the Philippines currency peso, on the currency exchange ma rket * he made June 12 1898 as the Philippines Independence Day * he signed the Minimum Wage Law * he signed the creation of the Philippine Veterans Bank 10,Ferdinand Marcos (December 30, 1965 February 25, 1986) Born from Sarrat, Ilocos Norte, Ferdinand Edralin Marcos was a lawyer and Senate President for 3 years.He was president for 21 years and only quit office after the People Power Revolution. His wife,Imelda Marcosbecame quite popular in the orb too. His term was the most controversial and messy one because of Martial Law and People Power although Marcos has contributed a lot of nice things in the Philippines. He wasone of the outgo and brightest presidentseven though their family was rumored to have embezzled public funds to Switzerland and other wealthy countries. Contributions and Achievements of Ferdinand Marcos * he was the first president to win a second term * he declared Martial Law on Sept. 2, 1972 * he increased the size of Philippine military and armed forces * in 1980, GNP was 4 measure greater than 1972 * in 1986, the Philippines was one of the most indebted countries in Asia * he built more schools, roads, bridges, hospitals and infrastructures than all former presidents did combined * is the only president whose remains interred inside a refrigerated crypt 11. Corazon Aquino (February 25, 1986 June 30, 1992) The first woman president of the Philippines and the first woman president in Asia, Cory Aquino is the wife of Benigno Aquino Jr. (who was assassinated during Marcos regime).She was born in Paniqui, Tarlac Contributions and Achievements of Corazon Aquino * was named Woman of the Year in 1986 by Time magazine * first woman president of the Philippines and Asia * shes known to bring back state in the country * she abolished 1973 Marcos Constitution brought the rising Constitution of the Philippines * she reorganized the structure of the executive branch of government * signed the Family rule of 1987 and 1191 Local Government Code * she always initiated charitable and social activities helping the poor and the needy * shes been cited as a modern-day Joan of Arc by many she is in the new 500 peso bill together with her husband Ninoy Aquino she has received great honors and awards such as one of * 100 Women Who Shaped World History * 20 Most Influential Asiatics of the 20thCentury * 65 Great Asian Heroes * a recipient of J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understandin 12. Fidel V. Ramos (June 30, 1992 June 30, 1998) FVR was the chief-of-staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines before he became president. vague to many, hes also a civil engineer. He brought back economic harvesting and stability in the country in spite of the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997.He is the first and only non-Catholic president of the Philippines. Contributions and Achievements of Fidel V. Ramos * during his time, the Philippines was cited asAsias Next Economic Tigerbecause he brought back economic growth * the Philipp ines notable Centennial Independence in 1998 * hes the only Filipino who receivedBritish Knighthoodfrom the United Kingdom, bestowed by Queen Elizabeth II (Knight Grand finicky of the Order of St. Michael and St. George) * he led the 4thAPEC Summit held in the Philippines his Philippines two hundred0 vision made the Philippine Stock Exchange one of the best in the world in the mid-90s * Death Penalty was reinstated at his time * he signed peace talks and agreement with the MNLF 13. Joseph Estrada (June 30, 1998 January 20, 2001) Known as Erap, he was the first president who was a famous film actor. His governance had so many downs due to controversies, impeachment and slow economic growth. I think hes the first president who has been impeached and the second one who was forced to leave the office because of People Power III in Edsa.Philippine economy was at its worst because of leadership uncertainty. Contributions and Achievements of Joseph Erap Estrada * during his time, the M ILFs central office and camps were captured * he joined other leaders and politicians who supported against the Charter Change * was cited as one of the Three Outstanding Senators in 1989 * was among the Magnificent 12 who voted for the terminal figure of the Philippines and US Military Bases Agreement from Clark Airbase and Subic Naval Base 14.Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (January 20, 2001 June 30, 2010) Gloria Arroyo, daughter of ex-president Diosdado Macapagal, was the second female president of the Philippines. She was 14 when she moved and lived in the Malacanang Palace. Oakwood Mutiny occurred on her term. at that place were also lots of messy controversies against Gloria like impeachments and the Hello Garci disgrace but Gloria has known to have contributed big record for road, bridges infrastructures and higher economic growth than the past 3 presidents term did.Amid the 2008 planetary financial crisis, the Philippines still had an impressive gross domestic product growth an d it was so hard to keep it afloat but she did. Contributions and Achievements of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo * second female president of the country * first and only female vice-president of the Philippines so far (to date) * first president to had oath taking outside Luzon an ex-professor of Economics at the Ateneo de Manila University where Noynoy Aduino was one of her students * an ex-classmate of formerUS president Bill Clintonat Georgetown Universitys Walsh School of Foreign Service where she maintained Deans tendency status * she regainedhigher economic growth than the past 3 presidents before her * Philippine economy grew at its fastest in 3 decades in 2007, GDP exceeding 7% growth * US ex-president Bill Clinton cited Glorias tough decisions because of her brilliant strategy to make the countrys economy back in shape amidst the 2008 global financial crisis * Peso became the best performing currency of the year in Asia in 2007 * eVAT Law was implemented under her term * she is currently in the 200 peso bill 15 Benigno Aquino III (June 30, 2010 present) Son of the first female president of the Philippines and Asia Corazon Aquino, Benigno Aquino III Aquino a. k. a. NoyNoy joined the House of Representatives and the Senate before his presidency. He is the first president who is a bachelor, unmarried and has no children.Contributions and Achievements of Benigno Aquino III * he created the no wang-wang policy and this was practiced on his inaugural address * he assigned the notable Jesse Robredo as the secretary of DILG in 2010. * he initiated the K-12 education in the Philippines * he renamed the Office of the Press Secretary into Presidential Communications Operations Office and appointed new officers * he signed an EO about suspension of allowances and bonuses of GOCCs and GFIs board members * has paved peace in Mindanao thru the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Movement * in 2012, the Philippine economy grew 7. 1% besting other South East Asian countries